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Drug Guide - Support
Topic Contents
Healthwise Helps You Make Better Health DecisionsAbout HealthwiseHealthwise is a nonprofit organization founded in 1975 with the mission to help people make better health decisions. More than 100 million times a year people like you use Healthwise® information to take an active role in their health. The best formula for making health decisions is to combine the most reliable medical facts with your personal feelings. Put more simply: Medical Information + Your Information = Better Health Decisions. Your decisions influence your overall well-being as well as the quality and cost of your care. By taking an active role in your health, you are likely to be happier with the care you receive and the results you achieve. Read these Healthwise stories to see how Healthwise helps people make better health decisions.
Comments Healthwise benefits from readers' input to keep our content helpful. Send us your comments by contacting your sponsoring organization or by emailing Healthwise at comments@healthwise.org. If you contact Healthwise, you can expect a reply within about two weeks. For answers to your specific health issues, contact your health professional. Or if you think you need care right away, call 911 or other emergency services.
Last updated: March 2011 Healthwise Medical Review BoardThe Healthwise Medical Review Board is directed by our chief medical officer, Dr. Martin J. Gabica, and our medical directors, Dr. Adam C. Husney and Dr. Kathleen Romito, all board-certified family medicine physicians. Dr. Catherine Serio provides leadership on behavioral health issues for all Healthwise products. There is also a panel of board-certified associate medical directors who are involved in the planning and the regular and routine review of content written by Healthwise. Chief Medical Officer: Martin J. Gabica , MD, Family Medicine, Boise, Idaho Medical Director: Adam C. Husney , MD, Family Medicine, Boise, Idaho Medical Director: Kathleen Romito , MD, Family Medicine, Boise, Idaho Behavioral Health Specialist: Catherine Serio , PhD, Psychology, Boise, Idaho Associate Medical Directors:
The Healthwise Medical Review Board also includes more than 200 health professionals and medical specialists who review Healthwise content from a specialist's point of view. Their credentials include board certification, licensure/registration and/or certification, academic appointments at leading medical schools, involvement in research, and publication in peer-reviewed journals and medical textbooks. Most important, they share the Healthwise commitment to empowering patients with reliable health information and building strong patient-provider relationships. This encourages partnerships in the decision-making process. With input from these specialists, and with oversight by one of the Medical Directors or Associate Medical Directors, Healthwise medical writers develop health information based on scientific evidence and current clinical practice. Before approving reviewers, Healthwise verifies that they have current licenses, registrations, and certifications with state or national agencies. We also verify with bodies that certify in specialty areas, if appropriate. The reviewers must be in good standing with these organizations during the time they review Healthwise content. We check this standing at least every 3 years. In addition, reviewers agree to notify Healthwise immediately if the status of their licenses, registrations, or certifications changes. The following physicians and health professionals are members of the Healthwise Medical Review Board: Addiction MedicineJohn R. Hughes , MD, Addiction Psychiatry, Burlington, Vermont James R. McKay , PhD, Addiction, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Peter Monti , PhD, Alcohol and Addiction, Providence, Rhode Island Allergy and ImmunologyThomas B. Casale , MD, Omaha, Nebraska Rohit K Katial , MD, Denver, Colorado Lora J. Stewart , MD, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Denver, Colorado AnesthesiologyJohn M. Freedman , MD, Anesthesiology, Santa Rosa, California CardiologyStephen Fort , MD, MRCP, FRCPC, Interventional Cardiology, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada Robert A. Kloner , MD, PhD, Los Angeles, California Larry A. Latson , MD, Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Cleveland, Ohio John A. McPherson , MD, FACC, FSCAI, Interventional Cardiology, Nashville, Tennessee John M. Miller , MD, Electrophysiology, Indianapolis, Indiana Carl E. Orringer , MD, Clinical Lipidology, Cleveland, Ohio Rakesh K. Pai , MD, FACC, Electrophysiology, Boise, Idaho George J. Philippides , MD, FACC, Boston, Massachusetts ChiropracticChristine Goertz , DC, PhD, Davenport, Iowa Complementary and Alternative MedicineMarc S. Micozzi , MD, PhD, Rockport, Massachusetts DentistryArden G. Christen , DDS, MSD, MA, FACD, Indianapolis, Indiana William F. Hohlt , DDS, Orthodontics, Indianapolis, Indiana Steven K. Patterson , BSc, DDS, MPH, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Bryan D. Tompson , DDS, FRCDC, Orthodontics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada DermatologyRandall D. Burr , MD, Boise, Idaho Amy McMichael , MD, Winston-Salem, North Carolina Alexander H. Murray , MD, FRCPC, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Diet and NutritionColleen Gobert , PhD, RD, Registered Dietitian, London, Ontario, Canada Rhonda O'Brien , MS, RD, CDE, Dietitian and Certified Diabetes Educator, Boise, Idaho Ruth Schneider , RD, MPH, Dietitian, Boise Idaho Emergency MedicineWilliam H. Blahd, Jr , MD, FACEP, Boise, Idaho Sean P. Bush , MD, FACEP, Envenomation Specialist, Loma Linda, California William M. Green , MD, FACEP, Sexual Abuse, Sacramento, California David Messenger , BSc, MD, FRCPC, FCCP, Critical Care Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada H. Michael O' Connor , MD, MMEd, FRCPC, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Endocrinology, Diabetes, and MetabolismAlan C. Dalkin , MD, Charlottesville, Virginia Jennifer Hone , MD, Santa Barbara, California Lois Jovanovic , MD, Gestational Diabetes, Santa Barbara, California Matthew I. Kim , MD, Boston, Massachusetts David C.W. Lau , MD, PhD, FRCPC, Calgary, Alberta, Canada ErgonomicsWilliam S. Marras , PhD, CPE, Bioengineering and Ergonomics, Columbus, Ohio Exercise PhysiologyHeather O. Chambliss , PhD, FACSM, Exercise Science, Memphis, Tennessee Richard B. Kreider , PhD, FACSM, FASEP, Exercise Physiology, Waco, Texas Family MedicineThomas M. Bailey , MD, CCFP, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Patrice Burgess , MD, FAAFP, Boise, Idaho Christine H. Fordyce , MD, Geriatrics, Seattle, Washington Michael W. Foutz , MD, Kuna, Idaho Martin J. Gabica , MD, Boise, Idaho Adam C. Husney , MD, Boise, Idaho Sarah Marshall , MD, Sacramento, California Joy Melnikow , MD, MPH, Sacramento, California Rosalia Richardson , MD, Boise, Idaho Kathleen Romito , MD, Boise, Idaho Steven L. Schneider , MD, Boise, Idaho David S. Smith , MD, West Bend, Wisconsin Donald Sproule , MD, CM, CCFP, FCFP, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Andrew Swan , MD, CCFP, FCFP, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada GastroenterologyPeter J. Kahrilas , MD, Chicago, Illinois Jerome B. Simon , MD, FRCPC, FACP, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Jerry S. Trier , MD, Boston, Massachusetts Arvydas D. Vanagunas , MD, FACP, FACG, Chicago, Illinois GeneticsSiobhan M. Dolan , MD, MPH, Medical Genetics, Bronx, New York Geriatric MedicineCarla J. Herman , MD, MPH, Albuquerque, New Mexico Elizabeth A. Phelan , MD, MS, Seattle, Washington Hematology/OncologyJeffrey S. Ginsberg , MD, FRCPC, Hematology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Brian Leber , MDCM, FRCPC, Hematology, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Joseph F. O'Donnell , MD, Hanover, New Hampshire Michael S. Rabin , MD, Medical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts Martin H. Steinberg , MD, Hematology, Boston, Massachusetts Douglas A. Stewart , MD, FRCPC, Medical Oncology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada HepatologyGregory T. Everson , MD, Transplant Hepatology, Englewood, Colorado Steven L. Flamm , MD, Gastroenterology, Chicago, Illinois W. Thomas London , MD, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Hospice and Palliative MedicineRobin L. Fainsinger , MB, ChB, LMCC, CCFP, Palliative Medicine, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Shelly R. Garone , MD, Roseville, California Infectious DiseasesWilliam L. Atkinson , MD, MPH, Medical Epidemiology, Atlanta, Georgia W. David Colby , IV, MSc, MD, FRCPC, Travel Medicine and Tropical Diseases, London, Ontario, Canada Christine Hahn , MD, Medical Epidemiology, Boise, Idaho Jeanne Marrazzo , MD, MPH, Prevention Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington Peter Shalit , MD, PhD, Internal Medicine, Seattle, Washington Stanford T. Shulman , MD, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Chicago, Illinois Devika Singh , MD, MPH, Seattle, Washington Dennis L. Stevens , MD, PhD, Boise, Idaho Raymond A. Strikas , MD, MPH, FACS, Atlanta, Georgia Internal MedicineTina E. Bronner , MD, San Diego, California Claudia A. Finkelstein , MD, Seattle, Washington Carmen Lewis , MD, MPH, Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina Brigid McCaw , MD, MPH, MS, FACP, Family Violence, Oakland, California Brian O'Brien , MD, FRCPC, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Anne C. Poinier , MD, Boise, Idaho E. Gregory Thompson , MD, Boise, Idaho Maternal-Fetal MedicineWilliam M. Gilbert , MD, Sacramento, California Neonatal-Perinatal MedicineKim E. Dow , MD, FRCPC, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Jennifer Merchant , MD, Boise, Idaho NephrologyMichael Mallea , MD, Boise, Idaho Mitchell H. Rosner , MD, Charlottesville, Virginia Tushar J. Vachharajani , MD, FASN, FACP, Clemmons, North Carolina NeurologyDavid N. Alexander , MD, Los Angeles, California Colin H. Chalk , MD, CM, FRCPC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Barrie J. Hurwitz , MB, MRCP, FCP(SA), Durham, North Carolina Karin M. Lindholm , DO, Boise, Idaho Benjamin Natelson , MD, East Orange, New Jersey Steven C. Schachter , MD, Boston, Massachusetts Peter J. Whitehouse , MD, PhD, Cleveland, Ohio G. Frederick Wooten Jr. , MD, Charlottesville, Virginia NursingKathryn Earhart , RN, CWOCN, Wound Ostomy Continence, Boise, Idaho Mary Moe Robbins , RNC, IBCLC, Lactation Consultant, Newcastle, California Obstetrics/GynecologyRebecca H. Allen , MD, MPH, Providence, Rhode Island Ross S. Berkowitz , MD, Gynecologic Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts Philip D. Darney , MD, Reproductive Sciences, San Francisco, California Divya Gupta , MD, Gynecologic Oncology New York, New York Kevin Holcomb , MD, Gynecologic Oncology, New York, New York Kirtly Jones , MD, Reproductive Endocrinology, Salt Lake City, Utah Femi Olatunbosun , MB, FRCSC, FACOG, Reproductive Endocrinology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Deborah A. Penava , MD, FRCSC, MPH, London, Ontario, Canada George F. Sawaya , MD, San Francisco, California Occupational MedicinePeter M. Rabinowitz , MD, MPH, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut OphthalmologySteven T. Charles , MD, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Memphis, Tennessee Carol L. Karp , MD, Miami, Florida Christopher Joseph Rudnisky , MD, BMs, MPH, FRCSC, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Jill Ann Smith , MD, Newton, Massachusetts OrthopaedicsDavide Bardana , MD, FRCSC, Sports Medicine, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Michael R. Baumgaertner , MD, Northford, Connecticut Timothy Bhattacharyya , MD, Orthopaedic Trauma, Bethesda, Maryland Freddie H. Fu , MD, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Robert B. Keller , MD, Biddeford, Maine Kenneth J. Koval , MD, Orthopaedic Trauma, Lebanon, New Hampshire Steven C. Ludwig , MD, Spine Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland Patrick J. McMahon , MD, Sports Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania David Pichora , MD, FRCSC, Trauma, Hand and Microsurgery, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Herbert von Schroeder , MD, MSc, FRCSC, Hand and Microsurgery, Toronto, Ontario, Canada OtolaryngologySteven T. Kmucha , MD, JD, FACS, Otolaryngic Allergy, Daly City, California Donald R. Mintz , MD, FRCSC, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Charles M. Myer III , MD, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati, Ohio Martin Tubach , MD, Boise, Idaho PathologyCorinne L. Fligner , MD, Anatomic, Clinical and Forensic Pathology, Seattle, Washington PediatricsThomas Emmett Francoeur , MDCM, CSPQ, FRCPC, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Susan Kim , MD, Boise, Idaho Georgeanna J. Klingensmith , MD, Pediatric Endocrinology, Aurora, Colorado Stephen H. LaFranchi , MD, Pediatric Endocrinology, Portland, Oregon Chuck Norlin , MD, Salt Lake City, Utah Louis Pellegrino , MD, Neurodevelopmental Disabilities, Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Syracuse, New York John Pope , MD, Pediatric Hospitalist, Phoenix, Arizona Frederick P. Rivara , MD, MPH, Seattle, Washington Michael J. Sexton , MD, Boise, Idaho PharmacyMargaret Hetherington , PharmD, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Theresa O'Young , PharmD, Clinical Pharmacist, Seattle, Washington Physical Medicine and RehabilitationMargaret M. Doucette , DO, Wound Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, Boise, Idaho Nancy E. Greenwald , MD, Boise, Idaho Richard D. Zorowitz , MD, Baltimore, Maryland Physical TherapyDavid A. Fleckenstein , MPT, Boise, Idaho Mary McVicars Heckel , PT, MAPT, CLT-LANA, CWS, Boise, Idaho Mary Virginia Keely , MS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT, Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, Aptos, California Joan Rigg , PT, OCS, Orthopaedic Physical Therapy, Boise, Idaho Plastic and Reconstructive SurgeryKeith A. Denkler , MD, Larkspur, California Adam D. Schaffner , MD, FACS, Otolaryngology, New York, New York Podiatry and Podiatric SurgeryGavin W.G. Chalmers , DPM, FACFAS, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Barry L. Scurran , DPM, Fremont, California PsychiatryW. Stewart Agras , MD, FRCP©), Palo Alto, California David A. Axelson , MD, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania David A. Brent , MD, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Evan Eyler , MD, MPH, Adolescent and Psychosomatic Medicine, Burlington, Vermont Peter Hauser , MD, Portland, Oregon Yifrah Kaminer , MD, MBA, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Farmington, Connecticut Alfred J. Lewy , MD, PhD, Portland, Oregon Steven Locke , MD, Psychosomatic Medicine and Behavioral Health, Wayland, Massachusetts Miklos F. Losonczy , MD, PhD, East Orange, New Jersey Fred R. Volkmar , MD, Pediatric Psychiatry, New Haven, Connecticut Myron F. Weiner , MD, Geriatric Psychiatry, Dallas, Texas Lisa S. Weinstock , MD, Mount Kisco, New York Sidney Zisook , MD, San Diego, California PsychologySue Barton , PhD, PsyD, Behavioral Health, Sacramento, California Stephanie Bender-Kitz , PhD, Aging and Long-Term Care, Boise, Idaho J. David Carroll , PhD, Milwaukee, Wisconsin Jessica Hamblen , PhD, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, White River Junction, Vermont Catherine Serio , PhD, Behavioral Health, Boise, Idaho Timothy Stockwell , PhD, Public Policy, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Stephen I. Sulzbacher , PhD, Clinical Psychology, Seattle, Washington Edward Z. Tronick , PhD, Developmental Psychology, Boston, Massachusetts PulmonologyRobert L. Cowie , MB, ChB, MD, MSc, FCP[SA], MFOM, Respiratory Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Susanna A. McColley , MD, Pediatric Pulmonology, Chicago, Illinois Mark A. Rasmus , MD, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Boise, Idaho R. Steven Tharratt , MD, FACP, FCCP, Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Toxicology, Sacramento, California Ken Y. Yoneda , MD, Critical Care Medicine, Sacramento, California RadiologyMyo Min Han , MD, Nuclear Medicine, Oakland, California Howard B. Schaff , MD, Diagnostic Radiology, Boise, Idaho Kenneth B. Sutherland , MD, FRCPC, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Reproductive ToxicologyErnest L. Abel , PhD, Detroit, Michigan Respiratory TherapyCatherine O'Malley , RRT, Chicago, Illinois RheumatologyRicha Dhawan , MD, Shreveport, Louisiana Nancy Ann Shadick , MD, MPH, Boston, Massachusetts Stanford M. Shoor , MD, Palo Alto, California Speech PathologyRobert M. Kroll , PhD, Speech Pathology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada SurgeryKenneth Bark , MD, General and Colorectal Surgery, Utica, Michigan Jeffrey Gilbertson , MD, Vascular Surgery, Boise, Idaho Mark G. Luciano , MD, Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cleveland, Ohio C. Dale Mercer , MD, FRCSC, FACS, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Michael M. Murr , MD, Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tampa, Florida Brent T. Shoji , MD, Boston, Massachusetts David C. Stuesse , MD, Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, Boise, Idaho David A. Szalay , MD, Vascular Surgery, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Ali Tavakkolizadeh , MD, Bariatric Surgery, Boston, MA Brad W. Warner , MD, Pediatric Surgery/Critical Care, St. Louis, Missouri Christian G. Zimmerman , MD, FACS, MBA, Neurological Surgery, Boise, ID UrologyPeter Anderson , MD, FRCS), Pediatric Urology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada J. Curtis Nickel , MD, FRCSC, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Avery L. Seifert , MD, FACS, Boise, Idaho Christopher G. Wood , MD, FACS, Houston, Texas Last updated: August 2012 Healthwise Content Development TeamSenior Vice PresidentKaren Baker, MHS Vice President of ContentChristine Calhoun, MPH Content ManagersKerry V. Cooke, BA Jeannette Curtis, BS Carrie Henley, BA Patrick Kilby, BA Katy Magee, MA Judi Marsh, BS Susan Van Houten, RN, MBA Senior Clinical ConsultantsCarolyn Brzezicki, RN, MS Judy Dundas, BA, BSN Senior Special Project ManagerKathleen M. Ariss, MS Medical WritersBill Amos, JD Nancy Bateman, BS Deborah Dakins, BA Eileen Ellig, BJ Marianne Flagg, BA Kathe Gallagher, MSW Christopher Hess, BA Paul Lehnert, MA Ryan Powers, MFA Ellie Rodgers, BA Cynthia Tank, BA Lila Havens, MA Medical Content SpecialistsBets Davis, MFA Shannon Erstad, RPT, MBA, MPH Maria G. Essig, MS Debra Golonka, MPH Sandy Jocoy, RN, BA Jan Nissl, RN, BS Robin Parks, MS, MSTC Monica Rhodes, BA Christine Maldonado, PhD Terry Smith, PhD Localization SpecialistsJennifer Adams, MLS Doug Dana, BA John Kubisiak, BS Associate EditorsMichele Cronen Denele Ivins, BA Tracy Landauer, BA Pat Truman, MA Terrina Vail, BA Research Library ManagerLiisa Rogers, MSW, MLIS Library Technical SpecialistKarri Alderson, MLIS MetadataBill Coe, BS Visual ContentSteve Graepel, MS Last updated: October 2011 Healthwise® Knowledgebase Editorial Policy and ProcessesThe field of medicine changes constantly. Each day headlines reveal new ways to diagnose, treat, or prevent health problems. Through a comprehensive topic development process, the Healthwise® Knowledgebase content is regularly updated to keep pace with the changes in medicine and medical practice. See What's New in the Healthwise® Knowledgebase for the current release. Content Written by HealthwiseHealthwise develops content through the collaborative efforts of content and medical teams using a comprehensive research and review process. The Healthwise content team includes full-time professional medical researchers, writers, and editors who have extensive experience in scientific research and medical writing. They work closely with members of the Healthwise medical team, including the chief medical officer, the medical director, the associate medical directors, and the Healthwise Medical Review Board. The Healthwise Medical Review Board includes more than 220 health professionals and medical specialists who review Healthwise content from a specialist's point of view. Their credentials include board certification, licensure/registration and/or certification, academic appointments at leading medical schools, involvement in research, and publication in peer-reviewed journals and medical textbooks. Most important, they share the Healthwise commitment to empowering patients with reliable health information and building strong patient-provider relationships. Healthwise content starts with evidence-based information. Content team members are experts at presenting balanced, unbiased perspectives without influence from commercial interests. Our Conflict of Interest policy enforces our editorial integrity: "All Healthwise personnel should avoid situations where their personal interests could conflict, or reasonably appear to conflict, with the interests of Healthwise. In this regard, personnel must avoid any outside financial interest that might influence, or appear to influence, their corporate decisions or actions." Topic Development ProcessThere are four primary steps in the development process: planning, research, writing, and review.
New Topic DevelopmentHealthwise selects new topics on the basis of several criteria, including requests from consumers and organizations using the Healthwise® Knowledgebase, prevalence of the condition, and the potential of shared decision-making for consumers who have the condition. Updating TopicsHealthwise updates topics when warranted by changes in medical practice. The content and medical teams continually review medical news sources and journals so they can quickly identify changes that affect the practice of medicine. When important changes occur, we update topics and include them in the next quarterly release of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. In addition, Healthwise reviews and updates topics on a regular basis. Organizations and people using the Healthwise® Knowledgebase may suggest changes or additions to topics. Healthwise considers these recommendations during the topic development process and includes them in our updates if they meet our standard criteria and pass the medical review process. If a suggested change applies only to a particular sponsoring organization's readers, and if it passes medical review, then we may make the change for that organization's customized version of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. Any change to the Healthwise® Knowledgebase must first pass medical review. The last revised date is at the bottom of every topic page and in the credits section of each topic. Citing the EvidenceThe Healthwise® Knowledgebase contains thousands of unique references to help readers find more information on topics. Our processes and policies ensure that entry points of content give readers reasonable access to references. We include citations that:
Also, for all self-assessment or risk analysis tools in the Healthwise® Knowledgebase, we provide information that describes the source of the tool, the scientific basis for the tool, how the tool is maintained on the website, the evaluation process, and the last revised date. Content Written by Third PartiesCerner Multum, Inc., Drug Reference (not included in all systems) The drug reference included in the Healthwise® Knowledgebase is provided by Cerner Multum, Inc., of Denver, Colorado. Multum updates daily. New information is incorporated into a database as soon as it appears in the literature or in product labeling. Doctors and pharmacists review the new information and make any necessary changes. Multum conducts weekly Current Content searches on all of its drugs, and it surveys all key periodicals. All leaflets are reviewed by one or more practicing clinical specialists. Healthwise receives monthly updates from Multum. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. Conflict of Interest Policy: Multum's content is authored by full-time associates with no affiliations with drug companies. Consultants who work with the information in other capacities are required to have no conflicts of interest. The date of the last update is at the end of each topic. National Cancer Institute (NCI) Topics NCI Physician Data Query (PDQ®) topics in the Healthwise® Knowledgebase are provided by the National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services. All PDQ cancer information summaries are peer-reviewed and updated monthly by six editorial boards of oncology specialists in adult treatment, pediatric treatment, supportive care, complementary and alternative medicine, screening, prevention, and cancer genetics. They review current literature from more than 70 biomedical journals, evaluate its relevance, and synthesize it into concise, clear summaries. Healthwise receives monthly updates from the National Cancer Institute. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. Conflict of Interest Policy: PDQ Editorial Board members are selected by the editor-in-chief of each board. Potential biases or conflicts of interest are discussed as part of the selection process. The date of the last update is at the end of each topic. National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (NORD) The National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc., of Danbury, Connecticut, provides topics on rare diseases for the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. The NORD topics are updated on an ongoing basis as new information. In addition, all topics are periodically reviewed to ensure that all information remains current and accurate. Healthwise receives quarterly updates from NORD. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. Conflict of Interest Policy: NORD uses independent sources such as the National Institutes of Health and U.S. Food and Drug Administration for its information on standard and investigational therapies. It does not rely on commercial sources for anything other than brief notices that clinical trials are in progress. NORD does not ask researchers at academic institutions directly involved in studies of particular therapeutics to provide or review information related to treatment of the disease in question. When a report is written by a physician or other medical professional rather than by one of NORD's own writers, NORD has it reviewed by an MD or PhD with appropriate expertise at a different institution. To obtain input from more than one medical perspective, NORD does not allow a report to be reviewed by someone who has participated in research or clinical activities with the author of the report. NORD's staff regularly reviews several medical journals and, if any discrepancies in opinion related to information in a report are found, members of the Medical Advisory Committee provide guidance. The date of the last update is at the end of each topic. American Self-Help Clearinghouse Information The American Self-Help Group Clearinghouse, of Cedar Knolls, New Jersey, provides information on self-help groups. Healthwise receives semiannual updates from the American Self-Help Clearinghouse. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise® Knowledgebase. The content verification date is at the end of each listing. AISLE7 TM/Healthnotes® Headquartered in Portland, Oregon, Healthnotes, Inc., dba AISLE7 is the premier provider of reliable, easy-to-use health, food, and lifestyle information. Each year AISLE7 reviews tens of thousands of articles and more than 600 medical and scientific journals to ensure that the content stays current, factual, and balanced. Citations identify the source, the authors, and where and when the information was first published. The AISLE7 editorial team includes medical doctors, pharmacists, chiropractors, naturopaths, and dietitians. The Medical Advisory Board includes medical doctors and experts affiliated with leading medical schools, such as the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Healthwise receives quarterly updates from AISLE7. The updates are included in the quarterly releases of the Healthwise®Knowledgebase. The date of the last review is at the end of each topic. Last updated: February 2011 Healthwise Quality StandardsHealthwise is committed to providing consumers with high-quality health information so that they can make wise health decisions in partnership with their doctors. We adhere to the following principles:
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Neither does omission signify disapproval. We include groups in our database based upon a report of their organizations as being focused upon no-fee mutual aid; i.e., members helping one another. The use of any information is entirely the responsibility of the reader. You are the ultimate judge in deciding whether the group is appropriate to your needs. You can send for and review literature or call the phone contact. Self-help means more control, and more responsibility, in your hands. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE. Healthwise has an agreement with The National Cancer Institute ("NCI") for the use of the Physician Data Query (PDQ®) data files ("NCI Content") in which the following provisions must be met. You shall accommodate these provisions in its use of the Healthwise material. i. PDQ is a registered trademark of the NCI and must be so referenced in all published material pertaining to PDQ files. The PDQ name must always be used in any public reference to the data files. 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